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Period 5 - Chapter 27

Page history last edited by Peter H. Bond 15 years, 9 months ago

I.      Origins of the Cold War

A.   The America Stance

1.     Post World War Two

a.   The United States was the strongest nation in the world at this point

b.  Wanted to spread the truths they knew

i.      Liberty, equality and democracy

ii.     These values didn’t thrive everywhere as they did in the west

2.     Leadership aims

a.   Wanted to follow in Wilson’s footsteps

b.  Creation of free markets, needed output for the American economy, which was operating at full speed

3.     $14 billion in exports in 1947

B.    Soviet Aims

1.     Russia had always been governed by a strong centralized government

2.     Communist ideology guided Soviet Policy

3.     Post War

a.   Reconstruction was the main goal

b.  Waiting for the global class struggle, resulting in the rise of the proletariat state

2.     Worried about the possibility of being invaded from the West

a.   Napoleon

b.  Hitler

C.    Early Cold War Leadership

1.     American

a.     Truman

i.      Ill prepared for office

ii.     Not on the level of international power politics that Stalin or Eisenhower were on

iii.   Made rash decisions which ended up having consequences in the later cold war

b.  Eisenhower

i.      Had a more conservative approach to the executive branch

ii.     Did not treat the presidency as the bully pulpit

2.     Soviet

a.     Joseph Stalin

i.      Possessed absolute power

ii.     Spoke out a lot about the immanent failure of the capitalist state

iii.   Interested in keeping the western world out of Russia’s sphere of influence

b.     Nikita Khrushchev

i.      Known for rude behavior

ii.     Did his best to bully opponents, home and abroad

iii.   Disillusionment with the USSR

 

3.     Fading Soviet Support

a.     Between September of 1945 and February of the next year, soviet support I the USA fell from 55 percent to 35 percent

b.     The Soviet’s had been allies, now they were viewed as enemies

4.     Similarities between the Fascist Nazi Regime and the Communist Russian Regime

a.     Both held absolute power

b.     Both had Secret police force to eliminate opposition

c.     Forced its own will on the countries around it

d.     Constantly Working on a militarism

5.     The free world was determined to act quickly against any signs of World War III

6.     The Troublesome Polish Question

a.     Polish Government

b.     Prior to the war, it had been conservative

c.     Soviets wanted to impose communism on the country

d.     America backed the prior conservative government, which had been exiled to Great Britain during the war

e.     Truman was totally unyielding on the issue, due partially to reports that if democratic governments were not installed, WWIII would be a reality

f.      Truman also was unyielding because just minutes prior to meeting Stalin for the first time, he received word of the first successful nuclear bomb test

7.     Economic Pressure on the USSR

a.     Russia needed to rebuild

b.     The termination the Lend-Lease program hurt Russia the worst

c.     Asked for a 6 billion dollar loan to re build with from the United States

d.     FDR refused

i.      Russia requests a 1 billion dollar loan four months later, Truman dragged his heels

ii.     Russia would have been required to open its markets

iii.   Stalin refused and launched his five year plan for rebuilding

8.     Declaring the Cold War

a.     Stalin speaks

b.     Capitalism and Communism are in a collision course

c.     Capitalism will experience a series of cataclysmic disturbances

d.     Ultimately will fail

9.     Stark and ominous speaking out against America

a.     Churchill Reputes- the Iron curtain has descended on the border of Russia

 

II.    Containing the Soviet Union

A.   Containment Defined

1.     George F. Kennan

a.     Primarily responsible for defining the new policy

b.     Claimed that Russia would be as paranoid as it always has been

c.     Russia will act based on that paranoia

B.    The First Step: The Truman Doctrine

1.     Greece and Turkey

a.     Both had a more right wing government set up

b.     Russia had been backing small groups pushing communism aggressively

c.     Great Britain could not provide the aid to the countries resisting communism any longer

d.     America would have to pick up to protect the right wing governments

2.     It was a “strategic monstrosity”

a.     Entangled the US in almost all foreign affairs

b.     The world police were never welcome

C.    The Marshall plan, NATO and NSC-68

1.     The Marshall Plan

a.     Put in place to protect foreign economies

b.     Consumers of American goods

c.     Promote American ideology

2.     Described as the other half of the Truman Doctrine

a.     Included a plan to make Germany stronger economically than any other nation

b.     Included the solution to the Berlin Crisis

D.   Operation Vittles

1.     NATO

a.     Twelve Nations allied, primarily in alliance against Communism

b.     Congress would never have supported this if it weren’t for the encroaching Russian Threat

2.     NSC- 68

a.     Said that bargaining with the soviets was impossible

b.     Communism and Capitalism were in a collision course

c.     Greatly increased spending on defense

d.     13 billion dollars to 50 billion

e.     5 percent of fed. Budget to 20 percent

3.     Containment in the 1950’s

a.     Required a extensive use of government resources to protect the free world

b.     Establishment of the CIA

i.      Conducted Espionage in foreign lands and to analyze information it found

ii.     Depended on to undermine foreign problems without military force

4.     Dulles wanted to change from containment to a god driven crusade against godless and atheistic communism

5.     Eisenhower was slow to transform rhetoric into action

a.     Hungary had a right wing uprising which the Russians put down

b.     The US did nothing

III.  Containment in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America

A.   The Shock of the Chinese Revolution

a.     Mao Zedong drove Jiang Jieshi from power in 1949, created the People’s Republic of China (Oct. 1st, 1949)

2.     US viewed China as a puppet of communist USSR

3.     Eisenhower opposed China but didn’t want to interfere and risk war when it attacked Taiwan

B.    Stalemate in the Korean War

1.     Japanese troops surrendered to the Soviets in northern Korea, and to the Americans in southern Korea, border set up at the 38th parallel in 1950

2.     Soviet-backed North Korean invasion (June 25th, 1950)

3.     US/UN-backed offensive (Sept. 1950)

4.     Chinese counterattack (Oct. 1950)

5.     Truman relieves General Macarthur on grounds that the latter wanted to attack China (April 1951)

6.     Truce line set up a few miles above 38th parallel (1953)

a.     33,000 Americans K.I.A. and many more wounded, ca. 2,000,000 Korean soldiers and civilians killed and countless maimed

7.     Korean War changed US attitudes/institutions

a.     Military spending soared from $13 billion to $47 billion

b.     1 million US soldiers stationed around the globe

c.     First time that units were made up of both whites and blacks

d.     Military industry employed 3.5 million Americans by 1960

e.     Bad diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China for the next 20+ years 

C.    Turbulence in the Middle East

1.     Russia and the US both wanted to keep good relationships with countries from the Middle East because of needed oil

2.     After Israel was created, the US was the first to recognize it and intervened in regimes and wars involving Israel, Iran, Egypt, Trans-Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Great Britain, and France

D.   Restricting Revolt in Latin America

1.     Dulles ordered the CIA to support a coup that was to oust the government of Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in Guatemala (1954)

2.     Latin American anti-American feelings increased

3.     Fidel Castro overthrows Fulgencio Batista and takes over Cuba (1959)

a.     US severs all diplomatic ties and exports with Cuba, leading them to turn to the Soviet Union for help

IV. Atomic Weapons and the Cold War 

A.   Sharing the Secret of the Bomb

1.     US (with help from UK) built first atomic bomb

2.     US tried to hide the project from USSR but failed

3.     Before end of WWII, USSR had initiated their own atomic bomb project

4.     Concept of international agency to control atomic energy failed

5.     Atomic Energy Act (1946) created the Atomic Energy Commission to supervise all atomic energy development and authorize all US nuclear activity

B.    Nuclear Proliferation

1.     Excitement (not fear) in 1946 because US had an atomic bomb monopoly

2.     US Air Force weather reconnaissance plane detected lots of radiation in the atmosphere…USSR had successfully conducted a nuclear test (1949)

3.     Truman authorized development of a hydrogen superbomb (early 1950)

4.     US and USSR made H-bombs, kilotons gave way to megatons (1953)

5.     USSR successfully tested an ICBM and launched Sputnik (1957)

6.     Radioactive Fallout discovered, led to family fallout shelter craze

C.    The Nuclear West

1.     The new bomb increased defense spending, encouraged the development of a huge nuclear industry, radar stations, and bomb carrying planes, and affected logos and cities

D.   “Massive Retaliation”

1.     Secretary of State Dulles developed the policy of ‘massive retaliation”

2.     US was willing/ready to use nuclear weapons against Communist aggression “at places of our own choosing”

3.     An all-or-nothing response geared towards avoiding war

E.    Atomic Protest

1.     Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson demanded an end to the nuclear tests because of poisoning the atmosphere, Dulles replied “from a health standpoint, there is greater danger from wearing a wristwatch with a luminous dial”

2.     SANE’s most effective advertisements were those of Dr. Spock (an internationally known pediatrician) frowning down at a little girl (“Dr. Spock is Worried”)

3.     50,000 women marched/protested in 60 communities

4.     Nuclear powers stopped testing (fall, 1985)

5.     USSR resumed testing (September, 1961) followed by US (March, 1962)

V.   The Cold War at Home

A.   Truman’s loyalty program

1.     Truman’s issue: Tyranny or Freedom

2.     “Man communists in America, each bearing the germ of death for society”

3.     Established new Federal Employee Loyalty Program by executive decree in 1947 based on pro-communism evidence found in government offices

4.     Ordered FBI to check files for evidence of subversive activity and bring all suspects before a Loyalty review board.

5.     Found evidence to convict millions, but only dismissed a few hundred

B.    Congressional Loyalty Program

1.     Smith Act 1940

a.     Forbade education of forcible overthrow of US government

2.     McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950

a.     Illegal to conspire or act in a way to substantially contribute to establishing a totalitarian dictatorship in America

3.     Members of Communist organizations had to register with attorney general and could not obtain passports or work in areas of national defense.

a.     Membership in American communist party dropped from 80000-1947 to 25000-1954.

4.     Hiss-Chambers case

a.     Whittaker Chambers, editor of Time Magazine, charged Algers Hiss, president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, former Department of Agriculture, had been a communist

b.     Hiss sent to prison for four years for perjury and lying under oath.

c.     Neither person could fully explain circumstances, Hiss seemed contradictory and could not explain how stolen State Department documents had been typed on his typewriter, and Chambers erratically changed his story.

d.     The case “forcibly demonstrated to the American people that domestic Communism was a real and present danger to the security of the nation”

C.    The Second Red Scare

1.     Joseph R. McCarthy, senator from Wisconsin, claimed he had a list of 205 known communists in the State Department, said he would only show list to the President. When pressed for details, he reduced number of names to 57

2.     Many called him a hoax or fraud, but his accusations against Millard Tydings, democrat from Maryland on the subcommittee that dismissed McCarthy’s first accusations, helped bring about Tyding’s defeat in the elections of 1950

VI. Continuing Confrontations with Communists

A.   Kennedy and Bay of Pigs Fiasco

1.     Kennedy won presidency in 1960

a.   Inaugural address “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and success of liberty”

2.     Bay of Pigs in 1961

a.   Cuban Communist regime followed Soviet model, and could provide a model for other Latin American countries to follow and threaten Monroe Doctrine

b.  US had broken diplomatic relations with Cuba, but CIA was covertly training anti-Castro exiles to invade Cuba. They assumed the invaders would be greeted with welcome and lead to an uprising against the Cuban government.

c.   Kennedy had approved plan

d.  April 17,1961 – disaster by all standards. Cuban forces had kept invaders from reaching land, and there was no uprising to support invaders.

3.     Tensions flared as the US had broken agreements not to interfere with sovereign governments or to interfere with internal affairs of hemispheric neighbors.

4.     Kennedy met with Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961. They discussed permanent settlement for Berlin.

5.     Kennedy asked Congress for 3 Billion dollars for defense appropriations. After the USSR erected the Berlin Wall, tensions eased.

B.    Cuban Missile Face-off

1.     Fidel Castro, fearful of American threat to Cuban independence, secured Soviet assistance.

2.     American aerial photos taken in 10/1962 revealed what Kennedy took to be offensive missiles

3.     Kennedy announced naval blockade of Cuba to stop additional missiles

a.     Khrushchev send letter to Kennedy pledging to remove missiles if the US would stay out of Cuba. He also sent a second letter asking the US to remove its missiles from Turkey

i.      US acted on the first letter, and ignored the second letter

4.     After this incident, a Soviet-American hotline was established to avoid similar episodes

5.     USSR also increased its nuclear stockpiles so as to never be exposed as inferior to US

C.    Confrontation and Containment under Johnson

1.     After Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, Vice President Lyndon B Johnson was sworn in

2.     He had less experience in foreign affairs, but shared Kennedy’s assumptions about Communism

3.     1965, Johnson deployed 20,000 troops to Dominican Republic to contain “Castro-type elements”

4.     Instead, the group Johnson sought to contain was former president Juan Bosch who had been overthrown by the military

5.     Bosch: “this was a democratic revolution smashed by the leading democracy of the world”

VII.        The Quagmire of Vietnam

A.   The roots of conflict

1.     Most of Indochina was under French control up until the mid 19th century

a.     During WWII the Japanese allowed French collaborators to regulate internal affairs

2.     Communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh sought to expel the Japanese conquerors

a.     The Allied powers were unsure on what to do, France wanted their colony back and the U.S wanted to free it but in the end Roosevelt backed down

3.     Ho Chi Minh established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945

a.     U.S would not formally recognize it as a country

b.     Enjoyed relatively widespread support internationally

c.     French and Vietnamese forces became entangled with the larger cold war.

4.     Vietnam and it’s ties with Moscow

a.     Ho did not have close ties to the soviet state and was more committed to his own nationalistic crusade.

b.     Truman assumed wrongly that communism was a monolithic force and that Ho took orders from Moscow.

c.     1950 the U.S recognizes a French puppet government in Vietnam and put forth a lot of support to French revolutionaries.

5.     By 1954 the U.S was paying over three fourths of the costs of the war supporting the French in Vietnam

6.     Later Vietnam through the Geneva Agreement was split along the 17th parallel and elections were promised in 1956 to decide the political fate of the nation

B.    The Start of U.S Involvement in Vietnam

1.     John Kennedy and Vietnam

a.     Once called Vietnam “the cornerstone of the free world in Southeast Asia

b.     After the Bay of Pigs Kennedy provided more help to south Vietnam

c.     By the end of 1963 the number of combat advisors had risen to 16,000

2.     The start of protest

a.     Buddhist priests burned themselves alive to protest the south Vietnamese government

b.     Eventually Diem (the leader of the south Vietnamese government) was assassinated by his military leaders after assurances that the U.S would not object to an internal Coup

C.    Escalation

1.     August 1946 Lyndon Johnson obtained a declaration of war from congress on the grounds that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had attacked American destroyers.

a.     Found out later that we had violated their territorial waters

2.     Military escalation begins in earnest in February 1965

a.     Prompted by Viet Cong attack that killed 7 and wounded 109

b.     Responded by bombing of north Vietnam, the number of ground troops swells to 543,000 by 1968

c.     This was the turning point of America’s involvement in the war

D.   Protesting the war

1.     At the beginning of the war 82% of Americans felt that they should remain involved in Vietnam until the communist elements withdrew

2.     Students began to question the assumptions that the cold war had been based on (monolithic force ect.)

a.     First teach-in took place in Michigan march 1965 and this concept gained popularity

3.     Working through the SDS and other student run organizations radical activists sought to discredit Arms companies and even went to the extent of attacking ROTC units on campus

4.     The American working and middle class began to sour on the war early in 1968, the same time as the Tet Offensive

a.     The television played a big part in making the people aware of what was going on in Vietnam, A realistic view of the fighting caused many Americans to be repulsed and raised questions about the purposes of the war and even if the war could be won.

5.     Richard Nixon takes office in 1969

a.     Gave top priority to getting out of the war while at the same time seeking a way to win

b.     Nixon Doctrine asserted that the U.S would help friends and allies but not undertake the full burden of troop defense

c.     Ordered a massive bombing campaign and troop withdrawal

d.     Still continued to loose ground in south Vietnam

6.     War Protests multiplied in 1969 to 1970

a.     November 1969 Massive demonstration in Washington D.C over the reports of high civilian casualties

7.     U.S invades Cambodia in the 1970’s to clear communist enclaves there.

a.     Large-scale student protests

i.      Kent state university in Ohio, students gather downtown and burn down local ROTC building

ii.     National guard ordered in by governor to quiet the riots

iii.   Erupted into violence leaving 4 students dead and 9 wounded, fired on without provocation

iv.   Similar situations happened in Jackson State University in Mississippi leaving 2 dead

8.     1971 the New York Times publishes Defense papers about the American involvement in Vietnam, causes outrage from public

E.    Peace and Its Consequences

1.     The U.S pulls out of Vietnam after the communist forces consolidate their hold on the country. Kissinger (Secretary of State) finally frees America from the conflict by conceding defeat

2.     The U.S spent 150 billion on the unsuccessful war

F.    Post Vietnam Détente

1.     Nixon opens relations with China

a.     Trade restrictions relaxed and visit planed by Nixon to China

b.     Seen as possible bargaining chip when dealing with Russia

2.     Nixon visits Russia after a warm and successful trip to China

a.     Agree to the SALT I treaty

i.      Limits missile stockpiles

ii.     Cooperation in space

iii.   Eased restrictions on trade

3.     American public becomes much happier and policies continued through the Ford and Carter Presidencies.

 

 

Several things to consider...what follows below is a reproduction of what I wrote, as a comment back when the completion deadline was approaching.  First - why not have ALL your names - or at least initials - at the top?  Second - your work does not include the following required items:  Commentary (the essence of this project); the required lists (IDs, Terms, Geography).  Keeping in mind the following, from your assignment page: Summaries turned in without commentary will not be able to earn any grade higher than a 70.  Summaries with very little commentary and/or commentary which reflects very little original thought will not be able to earn any grade higher than an 80; each missing “list” will result in a loss of five (5) points.  Grade:  65/D-

 

 

 

 

Comments (27)

Chris Klobus said

at 12:12 pm on Apr 7, 2008

Hey group this is what the format should look like for our outline *note* that if you get down to the small roman numerals you have little to no life. Enjoy

EXAMPLE
I. Sample
A. Sample
1. Sample
a. Sample
i. Sample

Chris Klobus said

at 12:14 pm on Apr 7, 2008

ok that last post came out alittle funky. It was suposed to be staggered in terms of the example outline. You get what i was trying to do though. Any questions ask me tommorow (4/7/08)

Bryan Coward said

at 4:58 pm on Apr 7, 2008

so this is totally awesome, and i get what your saying chris. I'll get started on the first two parts stat. How long do they need to be, Cuz we're supposed to condense the material, but we don't want to be vague.

Bryan Coward said

at 7:40 pm on Apr 7, 2008

I.
A.
1.
a.
i.

Correct?

charles gu said

at 9:12 am on Apr 8, 2008

So we're doing an outline first to organize everything? And also, what Bryan said, how long is this supposed to be, does anybody know?

Chris Klobus said

at 12:06 pm on Apr 8, 2008

ok first of all I think that It should be structured as an outline (I seem to find that them make more sense). As for brians question about condensing the material make the yellow heading the roman numerals after that the blue sub headings should be the capital letters. inside those sub headings should be all the events that happened in that section in numbers. then if you feel that a particular subject needs more detail go into the lower case letters.

Chris Klobus said

at 12:08 pm on Apr 8, 2008

also guys add your segment under your name so then we can format the roman numerals propperly later without becoming confused.

Peter H. Bond said

at 9:44 pm on Apr 8, 2008

Hey folks - you get the "award" for jumping right on this...As to length...remember that frustrating comment so many teachers such as myself make - which is "as long as it needs to be to complete the assignment" (how's that for incredibly vague?)...but, also remember the maxim, "Less is More". You do NOT need to cover everything - focus on what is important - and then try to deal with those issues as precisely as possible. (Hope that helps...)

Marius said

at 10:40 pm on Apr 9, 2008

hey guys, the thing finally worked. it kept telling me that i already had an account...whatever. umm...ok, so definitely outline format and only general information, not too specific. i'll definitely do my parts of the chapter tomorrow, probably add it sometime in the evening (by the way, tomorrow is 4/10/08, in case you guys don't see this comment until tomorrow). this pbwiki thing is really awesome by the way. oh, and are you guys getting e-mails every time some changes something on their wiki-page? i already got e-mails from brian mcavoy and haley stevens showing changes they've made, and they're not even in our class! just wondering.

Marius said

at 8:07 pm on Apr 10, 2008

chris, what do you mean under B) 2) (b) "Since the leader Diem"...is there another part to that sentence?

Marius said

at 8:28 pm on Apr 10, 2008

i'll add the fourth segment on the weekend

Marius said

at 9:53 pm on Apr 10, 2008

sorry about the messed-up margins and lines, but it won't let me fix it...maybe one of you guys could try? thanks

Bryan Coward said

at 3:10 pm on Apr 11, 2008

i tried to fix it and it didn't work.
Chris- you might want to just cut and paste the whole thing into word, edit it there, and then copy it back onto a blank slate, becuase its a pain to really format this well.

Bryan Coward said

at 3:12 pm on Apr 11, 2008

Are we doing like I. or I) becuase we said I. and You two went with the other one. Can I just format it all to be the same uniform thing, or do you want to do that Chris?

Bryan Coward said

at 3:14 pm on Apr 11, 2008

We should totally keep beasting up this wiki thing, we're like the most active group...

Marius said

at 10:56 pm on Apr 11, 2008

chris, i think you should fix it...you're the editor after all, and we all failed trying

Bryan Coward said

at 2:14 pm on Apr 12, 2008

I'll finish my segments and post them tomorrow, but that is the whole first Roman Numeral

Bryan Coward said

at 10:04 am on Apr 13, 2008

My Two segments are now complete. Whats With Charles never posting?

Chris Klobus said

at 11:43 am on Apr 13, 2008

hey guys sorry. I took alittle break from looking at the wiki every 5 minutes. I've kinda been taking my time with this but i can guarantee you that by Wednesday it will be finished. As for Charles never posting we'll talk to him on monday about it (give him the benefit of the doubt). As for reformatting i'll tackle that issue once everyone has posted their segments. Also if your finished with everything take the time and check over what has already been posted and feel free to make corrections

Chris Klobus said

at 12:33 pm on Apr 14, 2008

marius I just noticed that you thing is kinda screwed up try to fix that if you have the time

Marius said

at 5:55 pm on Apr 14, 2008

ummm...yea, bryan and me posted about that earlier...it seems unfixable...

charles gu said

at 9:14 pm on Apr 15, 2008

alright there's my sections 5/6 good luck chris, looks like a pain in the butt editing that

Chris Klobus said

at 12:44 am on Apr 25, 2008

ok guys still have to finish my section but some one forgot to do their section

Marius said

at 2:50 pm on Apr 25, 2008

nobody forgot to do their section...they're all up there

Marius said

at 2:52 pm on Apr 25, 2008

...and it's screwed up again...

Chris Klobus said

at 11:16 am on Apr 27, 2008

ok guys its all there and all finished. make any corrections that you deem fit to make

Peter H. Bond said

at 9:44 pm on Apr 30, 2008

Gentlemen: Several things to consider:
1. You probably want to put your names - or initials (if your folks would rather your name not be posted...) at the top, as the authors/creators of the project.
2. In skimming your work, I do not see commentary - which is the essence of this project...and I don't see the required lists (IDs, Terms, Geography)...so, unless I am missing something, you are not finished...
PHB

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