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Chris J. Ben R. Ryan L., Robbie M., Matt F., Jeremy P
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Part I: Summaries
Origins of the Cold War
The American Stance
U.S. More powerful than any other nation after WWII.
Believed they could use their power to shape the post-war world.
Comm: Did the rest of the world want to be molded to our ideals?
Soviet Aims
Soviets formed their own goals after WWII, aside from the U.S.
Comm: Soviets ditched “take over the world” mentality.
Rebuilding was their top priority.
Country was devastated after the war.
Emphasized Socialism
Early Cold War Leadership
Americans had strong leadership after the war.
Truman → Eisenhower
Eisenhower good with people and was shrewd.
To them communism was a monolithic force.
Soviets had strong leadership after the war.
Stalin → Khrushchev
Do whatever it takes to rebuild.
Disillusionment with the USSR
Americans transferred hate from Nazi's to the Soviets.
Comparisons between the two made.
Comm: Significant trust level drop as a result.
The Troublesome Polish Question
First Clash between Soviets and U.S.
Both tried to shape it and both failed.
Economic Pressure on the USSR
Comm: Who else would the U.S. Try to put pressure on?
Conflicting Aims During the Cold War
United States
Spread our ideals
Maintain world stability
Open trading opportunities for surplus goods.
Soviet Union
Spread ideological values of the lower class struggle.
Support revolutionaries everywhere.
Support sympathetic countries and regimes
Comm: Possibly to avoid attacks on its vulnerable flank.
Rebuild out of the devastation.
Declaring the Cold War
Stalin made a speech that asserted his confidence of the Soviet takeover.
England urged the “English speaking peoples” to join together and stop it.
Containment of the Soviet Union
Containment Defined
Russian rule was the reflection of the Soviet leader's effort to maintain rule.
Containment theory created philosophical justification for U.S. Attitude.
The First Step: The Truman Doctrine
First Application of containment policy.
“Unless the U.S. Acted, the free people would not survive.
No real basis, no widespread support.
Comm: The countries we were “protecting” were not really “free.”
The Next Steps: The Marshall Plan, NATO, and NSC-68
After the war, large communist parties grew in Europe.
U.S. Decided to act.
To prevent Soviet intervention
To rebuild markets for surplus.
The Marshall Plan provided $17 billion to 16 countries.
Soviets tried to take over Berlin by Blockade.
Foiled by airlifts.
Russian detonation of atomic device.
Comm: Scared the U.S. Because they had no prior knowledge of it.
Chinese communists take over.
NSC-68 described challenges facing the U.S.
Shaped policy for 20 years.
Increase defense budget.
Containment in the 1950's
Established CIA to keep tabs on Soviets
Became major source for Eisenhower
Eisenhower demanded liberation.
Comm: Doubtful that he actually expected this to happen.
Containment in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
The United States began to develop a great fear during the cold war. All around the world many countries where seen promoting communism.
This frightened the United States, since we saw these communist nations as a treat.
The Shock of the Chinese Revolution
U.S. was in a vey difficult situation when China was taken over by Mao Zedong’s communist party. (Mao opposed Jiang Jieshi who lead china’s old regime)
The newly communist Chinese choose to side with one of America’s enemies, the Soviet Union. The American people felt that losing china as an ally was the fault of the government for not giving the old Chinese government enough support.
Unfortunately tensions with China only increased from there.
Tensions would be ever apparent when China became involved in the Korean War
Stalemate of the Korean War
In the near future the United States would get involved in a war with Korea.
Korea was originally under Japanese control during WWII, and was liberated.
The allied powers spilt Korea into north and south. North Korea, under Soviet influence, invaded South Korea.
The United States sided with South Korea and fought alongside it against the north.
United States followed doctrine of containing spread of Communism and did just that in S. Korea
China joined the war against the United States and caused a stalemate.
End of war came in 1953 when an armistice was signed, and a truce line established.
Conflict never truly ended, American troops still in S. Korea.
Casualties were high, 33,000+ Americans killed, over 2 million Koreans killed
Korean War changed America’s role in global affairs. Military spending took up half the federal budget, and troops were stationed across the world in a state of permanent mobilization. Also set the tone for bad relationship with China for the next 20 years.
Turbulence in the Middle East
The United States and Britain left the region after the war as promised but the Soviet Union did not.
This created fear among the U.N. concerning the oil in the Middle East.
The country of Israel can into existence soon after trouble in the Middle East began; having won its independence from Palestine.
This new country became an ally of the U.S. and was able to defend it self against many enemy nations who were opposed to its formation
Actions in Middle East by both sides often motivated by need for oil
Despite attempts of the United States to end violence in that region, war in the Middle East only continued.
Restricting Revolt in Latin America
Latin Americans became enraged by feelings of past aggression and oppression and revolution broke out in many places.
Communism took foot in Guatemala and the U.S. was enraged. Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban government and became its new dictator and turned to the Soviet Union for help after U.S. broke off all ties.
Atomic Weapons and the Cold War
Weapons of mass destruction were a major fear of this time period.
Sharing the Secret of the Bomb
The United States atomic bomb was envied by the Soviet Union until they stole the plans and constructed their own in 1949.
This evened the playing field, heating up the Cold War for years to come
Russias first atomic bomb, Joe 1.
Nuclear Proliferation
Once the U.S. found out the Soviets were testing nuclear bombs they became concerned. America tried to get a more powerful bomb hydrogen bomb, but the Soviet Union had achieved the very same thing in 1953.
In its fear the American people began to go shelter crazy. Shelters were being built onto homes to help provide this countries people with some hope and safety.
i. Strangely enought, their fears boosted the economy with their spending.
The Nuclear West
Atomic weapons ignited the nation’s defense budget
Majority of nation’s nuclear testing facilitates were located in the West.
East Coast would be the major target of any nuclear attacks.
“Massive Retaliation”
Secretary of State Dulles claimed that the U.S. would use nuclear weapons against Soviet aggression if need be
U.S. sought no middle ground when using nuclear weapons, and took an all-or-nothing stance on nuclear warfare.
Atomic Protest
The people’s only response in the end of this conflict was to protest for peace.
Protests included march of 50,000 women around the country.
Health concerns were raised about nuclear testing
Fall of 1958 to 1961, nuclear testing temporarily halted on both sides.
i. The buildup did NOT stop though.
The Cold War at Home
Truman's Loyalty Program
Temporary evaluation of all government officials.
FELP only dismissed several hundred out of several million.
Comm: This followed the pattern of violating civil liberties.
The Congressional Loyalty Program
New crime acts that persecuted communists.
HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) found many guilty of treason.
Comm: Basically like a witch-hunt.
The Second Red Scare
Joseph R. McCarthy, leader of the anti-Communist witch hunt in the 50's
Developed a HUGE list of suspects.
Republicans used him to reassert their authority.
The Casualties of Fear
Many Americans and groups were persecuted, fired, questioned, hated, etc.
Due to power issues
Due to insecurities of the people
Comm: Many people stifled their own dissent because of this.
Continuing Confrontations with Communists
Warding off communism during the Cold War became large parts of the administrations of President Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ).
1. John Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs Fiasco
a. Kennedy was an ardent supporter of maintaining what he considered liberty across the globe.
b. Kennedy’s first test of will against communism came against Castro’s regime in Cuba
i. Castro seized power in 1959 and allied himself with Soviet Union
c. April 17th, 1961 – Bay of Pigs Invasion by CIA trained Cuban exiles
i. Invasion was complete disaster
d. The U.S. looked weak in the light of the Bay of Pigs. It had broken agreements to not interfere in Cuba and failed miserably trying to overthrow a neighboring government. Despite this, Kennedy still pursued anti communism actions.
2. The Cuban Missile Face-off
a. Castro wanted to protect his Nation after Bay of Pigs, and sought Soviet help
i. Soviet help reveled when a spy plane took pictures of offensive missiles in Cuba.
b. Kennedy appealed to Nation on TV, and stated that he would blockage Cuba to prevent more missiles from being brought in, and to have the missiles already there taken out.
i. Crisis went on for several days at high tension level, but ended with Khrushchev removing all missiles from Cuba if U.S. stayed out for good and removed missiles from Turkey
c. The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the U.S. ever came to war with the Soviets. Kennedy emerged from the crisis has a hero who was unwilling to back down, but was this crisis unnecessary? The missiles were placed in Cuba because of Kennedy’s decision to go through with the Bay of Pigs. Nevertheless, this crisis exposed Soviet inferiority in terms of weapons and caused them to increase their stock.
3. Confrontation and Containment under Johnson
a. LBJ took office after Kennedy assassination in 1963
b. Johnson shared same feelings towards communism as Kennedy
i. In order to stop spread of communism, Johnson sent 20,000 troops to Dominican Republic.
ii. Johnson targeted the wrong group in the D.R., that group had just overthrown a communism government under Juan Bosch.
4. Public Opinion Poll
a. This excerpt discusses public opinion polls. They are nothing new; in fact they have been in use since 1824. Public opinion polls can be the voice of the “common man” on many different issues ranging from political, to social, ect. Polls can also be misleading. It is easy for pollsters to include vague question which offer inconclusive results, and to manipulate the public taking the polls in their favor. Included in this section are a few polls from the Cold War era. One poll stated that 73% of college educated people thought that the Soviet Union was building up its power to take over the world rather than for defense.
The Quagmire of Vietnam
Roots of Conflict
Indochina under French control since mid 19th century until it was invaded by Japan during WWII.
Efforts to free Vietnam from Japanese control organized by the Ho Chi Minh.
1945 – Democratic Republic of Vietnam established by Ho Chi Minh.
France wanted to maintain control of country – conflict starts
United States supported France through economic aid, but the Vietnamese revolutionaries defeated the French and the country was divided at the 17th parallel.
Vietnam had been under foreign control for many years, and when a free Vietnam was finally established, the U.S. refused to recognize it. This is because Ho Cho Minh was a communist, and the Truman Administration considered all Communists as part of the Soviet Union sphere of influence even though Minh was not.
The Start of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam
Vietnam split into Communist North and South lead by American backed Ngo Dinh Diem.
American support in region promoted by Kennedy and LBJ.
Diem unpopular despite American support and was assassinated in military coup.
After assassination, country became unstable due to attacks from North Vietnamese supported Guerillas (Viet Cong).
Escalation
In order to stabilize the nation, and because of a N. Vietnamese torpedo boat attack on Americans, LBJ authorized war.
LBJ began retaliatory bombings of N. Vietnam and swelled the number of troops on the ground to 543,000 in 1968.
Both Kennedy and LBJ wanted to maintain a communist free country in Southeast Asia. In addition, LBJ did not want to be credited for losing S. Vietnam and took a hands-on approach to the running of the war.
Protesting the War
Initially, 82 percent of Americans thought involvement should stay until Communists threats were gone.
Students were the first to question the Cold War rhetoric of fighting communism around the globe
First anti war teach-in occurred at the University of Michigan in 1965
Student protests became more radical including attacks against on campus ROTC units, and discrediting of firms that provided weapons.
Unrest about war spread to mothers, working class, ect.
Television gave American public a glimpse at the brutal conditions of the war.
Nixon entered office in 1969 with promises of withdrawing American troops while still finding a way to win the war.
Announced Nixon Doctrine which stated that the U.S. would aid allies, but not took the full burden of military operations.
Nixon increased the number of bombing and Vietnamese forces on the ground while decreasing the number of American troops to 39,000.
Events like My Lai Massacre (250 innocents killed by American troops) and Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia to but off Communist supply lines increase protest.
Protest at Kent State University resulted in 4 dead killed by National Guard. Two dead were killed by National Guardsmen at State University of Mississippi.
Peace and Its Consequences
Vietnam was still a hot issue during Nixon’s bide for reelection in 1972, and his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, declared “Peace is at hand”.
Despite this prediction, 1972 was the largest bombing campaign of the war.
The end of the war finally came in 1975 when Kissinger accepted defeat.
N. Vietnamese gained control of most of the country, and American infantry had withdrawn.
The conflict was the nation’s longest and the cost enormous.
58,000 men were killed
Thousands more wounded
$150 billion spent
Division of groups in nation that were for Vietnam or against it.
Vietnam began as a regional conflict between a corrupt anti communist government and the Communist North. In little time, due to the ambitions of American Presidents to contain communism during the Cold War, the conflict soon erupted into all out war. The war was brutal and costly. The shocking conditions were broadcasted nation-wide, adding fuel to the flames that protesting students had started until the majority of the country was fed up. With no end in site, Kissinger conceited (word choice/spelling. Edit!) defeat much to the relief of America, and S. Vietnam fell to the North. The costly war left a bad taste in the mouth of Americans who became disassociated with America’s foreign policy, and a very critical and cynic view on the government.
Post-Vietnam Détente
Nixon opened formal relationships with China
Nixon wanted to use China to his advantage against the Soviets
Nixon started a friendly dialogue with Chinese and visited China in 1972
Nixon also visited Soviet Union
Signed first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
Limited missile stocks and eased trade
Americans happier going into Presidency of Ford.
Nixon’s work to ease tension with Communist states marked the first significant change in American foreign policy since post WWII times.
Cold War- The opposition between the United States and Communist groups throughout the world from 1946 to 1990. It involved the build up of arms, espionage, and conflict between existing capitalists and communists in unstable countries.
Soviet- A Russian Communist.
Communist Ideology- An ideal socialist state that exists in the absolute autonomous cooperation of the people.
Soviet Union- A group of Eastern European and Eurasian countries that are allied and assimilated with Soviet Russia.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization- Organization established as an alliance against European communism.
Iron Curtain- separation of Capitalist and Communist countries by border. A euphemism.
Containment- American policy of limiting Soviet expansion through political means.
Truman Doctrine- Bid to aide capitalist influence in all nations struggling with communism.
Operation Vittles- Airlift of supplies to blockaded West German citizens.
National Security Council 68- Defined threats to the American people for 20 years after 1950.
Korean War- American Military effort to unify Korea under a Nationalist flag. Ended in Communist/Nationalist separation.
B-47&B-52 Airplanes- American airplanes capable of delivering nuclear weaponry to anywhere on the planet.
Federal Employee Loyalty Program- Committee established by Eisenhower to eliminate communist sedition within the government. Worked in theory.
McCarran Internal Security Act- Outlawed actions supporting American Communism.
McCarthyism- A state of advanced fear and suspicion of Communists in America in the early 50s. Resulted in trials over treason for many important public figures.
Congress of Industrial Organizations- Group of companies who expelled labor unions for fear of communism.
Bay of Pigs- Failed attempt by the US to stage a revolution in Cuba by defectors.
Cuban Missile Crisis- The establishment of inter-continental ballistic missiles on Cuba by the Soviet Union that resulted in a blockade and standoff between Soviet and American naval vessels.
Vietnam War- Police Action by the United States in the IndoChinese country of Vietnam in order to establish a pro-American government instead of a Communist one.
Nixon Doctrine- Bid to aide allies against communism in Vietnam.
Kent State Protest- Anti-war protest which lead to the shooting of four students by the national guard.
Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement- Agreement between The Soviet Union and the United States to lessen missile stockpiles.
Poland- Control of Poland was argued for by the United States and By the Soviet Union. Control of Poland ended up going to the Soviet Union.
“from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic”- A poetic set of boundaries said by Winston Churchill as the borders of the Soviet Union.
Greece and Turkey- America gave aide to non-communist forces in this area in order to keep favorable rule in the Mediterranean.
Western Germany- Blockaded by the Soviets, it needed to be airlifted food in 1948.
Hungary- Location of an anti-communist revolt that was defeated in 1956.
China- Chinese Communist revolution in 1949 caused America to “lose” China.
Taiwan- Became occupied by former Chinese nationalist government.
North Korea- Communist area that fought UN forces against the capitalist unification of Korea.
South Korea- Capitalist area which fought with the UN forces to unite Korea.
Suez Canal- Closed by Egyptian leader to Israel which caused issues with the US and Great Britain.
Iran- Underwent a coup in which a pro-American leader was installed.
Israel- Won Six Day War receiving border land.
Egypt- Won Yom Kippur War retaking land lost in the Sic Day War.
Guatemala- Underwent coup and had pro-American leader installed.
Cuba- Underwent revolution in 1959 installing Fidel Castro as it’s communist leader. Was found to have nuclear weapons in 1961 and was blockaded from the transfer of supplies by Russian ships.
Dominican Republic- Received support from US to stop assumed Communist revolution.
North Vietnam- Led by the Communist Ho Chi Minh, fought against the capitalist south and the US for control of Vietnam.
South Vietnam- Led by Ngo Dinh Diem, it was an anti-communist area of Vietnam who allied with the US in an attempt to unify the region.
Gulf of Tonkin- Site of a naval encounter between the US and North Vietnamese forces which sparked the war.
My Lai- Vietnamese village that was the site of a US massacre of Vietnamese citizens.
Kent State- Site of a nonviolent protest by college students which ended in the National Guard shooting four students.
Out Side Resources
Media Influence in Vietnam
Cold War Timeline
Page Views:
Excellent work...with just a few glitches/flaws to consider:
1. Though it probably sounds "ultra-picky", your group ought to pay more attention topunctuation - and consistency of use. Some sentences and phrases end with "."; some just end with the last word and no punctuation. (Edit!)
2. Commentary: I like what I've read - thoughtful and worth reading. However, there should be (a) more of it, and (b) it should be more obvious to the reader that it is commentary. In some sections it is difficult to tell the difference between the summary and the commentary.
3. Remember: LESS is MORE. You've really outlined/summarized too much. Focus on the most important things - not everything!
Containment in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
• The United States began to develop a great fear during the cold war. All around the world many countries where seen promoting communism.
• This frightened the United States, since we saw these communist nations as a treat.
The Shock of the Chinese revolution
• It was very difficult for the U.S. when China was taken over by Mao Zedong’s communist party.
• The newly communist Chinese choose to side with America’s enemies, the Soviet Union. The American people felt that losing china as an ally was the fault of the government for not giving the old Chinese government enough support.
• Unfortunately tensions with China only increased from there.
Stalemate of the Korean War
• In the near future the United States got involved in a war with Korea.
• Korea was originally under Japanese control and wanted independence, but it found a different answer.
• The allied powers spilt Korea into north and south. North Korea allied it self with the Soviet Union and invaded South Korea.
• The United States sided with South Korea and fought alongside it against the north.
• Then China joined the war against the United States and this caused a stalemate.
• The U.S. was forced to sign a peace treaty with Japan in its attempt to maintain the balance of power in the Pacific area.
Turbulence in the Middle East
• The United States and Britain left the region after the war as promised but the Soviet Union didn’t.
• This created fear among the U.N. concerning the oil in the Middle East.
• The country of Israel can into existence soon after trouble in the Middle East began; having won its independence from Palestine.
• This new country became an ally of the U.S. and was able to defend it self against the many wars in the middle east.
• Despite the united States attempts to end violence in that region war in the Middle East only continued.
Restricting Revolt in Latin America
• The people there became enraged by feelings of past aggression and oppression and revolution broke out everywhere.
• Communism took foot in Guatemala and the U.S. was enraged. Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban government and became its new dictator and turned to the Soviet Union.
Atomic Weapons and the cold war
• Weapons of mass destruction were a major fear of this time period.
Sharing the secret of the bomb
• The United States atomic bomb was envied, by the Soviet Union and they stole the plans and constructed there own.
1) Roots of Conflict
a) Indochina had been under foreign control since the mid 19th century, with the French controlling the country until it was invaded by Japan during WWII.
b) Efforts to free Vietnam from Japanese control were organized by the Communist Leader Ho Chi Minh.
i) 1945 – Democratic Republic of Vietnam established by Ho Chi Minh.
(1) France wanted to maintain control of their Vietnamese colony and a long conflict broke out
(2) The United States supported France through economic aid, but the Vietnamese revolutionaries defeated the French and the country was divided at the 17th parallel.
c) Vietnam had been under foreign control for many years, and when the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was finally established as a nation free of outside control, the U.S. refused to recognize it. This is because Ho Cho Minh was a Communist, and the Truman Administration considered all Communists as part of the Soviet Union sphere of influence. In Minh’s case, this was not the truth, but the U.S. failed to recognize this and used their resources to support the French in Vietnam.
Fokls: something to consider: You probably want to put your names - or initials (if your folks would rather your name not be posted...) at the top, as the authors/creators of the project.
PHB
Folks: something to consider: You probably want to put your names - or initials (if your folks would rather your name not be posted...) at the top, as the authors/creators of the project.
PHB
Plugin error: That plugin is not available.
Comments (8)
matt said
at 7:53 pm on Apr 29, 2008
Containment in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
• The United States began to develop a great fear during the cold war. All around the world many countries where seen promoting communism.
• This frightened the United States, since we saw these communist nations as a treat.
The Shock of the Chinese revolution
• It was very difficult for the U.S. when China was taken over by Mao Zedong’s communist party.
• The newly communist Chinese choose to side with America’s enemies, the Soviet Union. The American people felt that losing china as an ally was the fault of the government for not giving the old Chinese government enough support.
• Unfortunately tensions with China only increased from there.
Stalemate of the Korean War
• In the near future the United States got involved in a war with Korea.
• Korea was originally under Japanese control and wanted independence, but it found a different answer.
• The allied powers spilt Korea into north and south. North Korea allied it self with the Soviet Union and invaded South Korea.
• The United States sided with South Korea and fought alongside it against the north.
• Then China joined the war against the United States and this caused a stalemate.
• The U.S. was forced to sign a peace treaty with Japan in its attempt to maintain the balance of power in the Pacific area.
matt said
at 7:53 pm on Apr 29, 2008
Turbulence in the Middle East
• The United States and Britain left the region after the war as promised but the Soviet Union didn’t.
• This created fear among the U.N. concerning the oil in the Middle East.
• The country of Israel can into existence soon after trouble in the Middle East began; having won its independence from Palestine.
• This new country became an ally of the U.S. and was able to defend it self against the many wars in the middle east.
• Despite the united States attempts to end violence in that region war in the Middle East only continued.
Restricting Revolt in Latin America
• The people there became enraged by feelings of past aggression and oppression and revolution broke out everywhere.
• Communism took foot in Guatemala and the U.S. was enraged. Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban government and became its new dictator and turned to the Soviet Union.
Atomic Weapons and the cold war
• Weapons of mass destruction were a major fear of this time period.
Sharing the secret of the bomb
• The United States atomic bomb was envied, by the Soviet Union and they stole the plans and constructed there own.
Ben Rodriguez said
at 8:27 pm on Apr 29, 2008
How do you copy and paste your part onto this?
Chris J said
at 9:50 pm on Apr 29, 2008
click edit at the top
Ben Rodriguez said
at 5:54 pm on Apr 30, 2008
The Quagmire of Vietnam
1) Roots of Conflict
a) Indochina had been under foreign control since the mid 19th century, with the French controlling the country until it was invaded by Japan during WWII.
b) Efforts to free Vietnam from Japanese control were organized by the Communist Leader Ho Chi Minh.
i) 1945 – Democratic Republic of Vietnam established by Ho Chi Minh.
(1) France wanted to maintain control of their Vietnamese colony and a long conflict broke out
(2) The United States supported France through economic aid, but the Vietnamese revolutionaries defeated the French and the country was divided at the 17th parallel.
c) Vietnam had been under foreign control for many years, and when the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was finally established as a nation free of outside control, the U.S. refused to recognize it. This is because Ho Cho Minh was a Communist, and the Truman Administration considered all Communists as part of the Soviet Union sphere of influence. In Minh’s case, this was not the truth, but the U.S. failed to recognize this and used their resources to support the French in Vietnam.
Peter H. Bond said
at 10:08 pm on Apr 30, 2008
Fokls: something to consider: You probably want to put your names - or initials (if your folks would rather your name not be posted...) at the top, as the authors/creators of the project.
PHB
Peter H. Bond said
at 10:08 pm on Apr 30, 2008
Folks: something to consider: You probably want to put your names - or initials (if your folks would rather your name not be posted...) at the top, as the authors/creators of the project.
PHB
Chris J said
at 11:27 pm on Apr 30, 2008
I think we might be done ben......
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